None1 Essay Example For Students

None1 Essay Presentation Hyper swelling has tormented the greater part of the universes creating nations over the previous decades. Nations in the industrialized world, as well, have now and again dueled with hazardously high expansion rates in the post WWII time. With changing degrees of accomplishment, all have utilized incredible endeavors to bring their expansion rates inside satisfactory cutoff points. For the most part, a moderate pace of swelling has been a definitive objective. All the more as of late, in any case, a couple of nations have sought after strategies that endeavor to destroy swelling inside and out through complete value security. This has demonstrated to be a combative endeavor, which unmistakably shows that there is still no generally acknowledged answer for the expansion issue. To be sure, there isn't so much as a concurred accord in regards to the wellspring of expansion itself. The monetarist discernment that the base of swelling is exclusively the over the top formatio n of cash remains. So too does the conviction that expansion begins in the work showcase. What's more, among an assortment of others, the sentiment that swelling fills the basic social need of settling incongruent requests by various gatherings is likewise solid. This last, and all the more generally acknowledged, case shows that the issue is not really a specialized one; yet rather a political one. It features the now obvious certainty that governmental issues and expansion are inseparably connected. Also, similarly as with all intrinsically policy driven issues, agreement is troublesome, if certainly feasible, to accomplish. In any case, political qualities do give adaptability. In certain nations, high paces of swelling have plainly been good with quick financial development and quick rising ways of life. In such cases, it is very sensible to recommend that higher paces of swelling are acceptableperhaps even vital. In this setting, it is in no way, shape or form clear that tighte ning an arrangement to stop moderate expansion is either required, or to the greatest advantage of the mass of the populace by any stretch of the imagination. While expansion ensures that some will pick up to the detriment of others, the redistributions of salary and riches which do occur can, on ordinary worth grounds, be very attractive. In different conditions, it might be very attractive to put severe controls on swelling, or endeavor to keep it at zero level. Strategies focused on virtual value strength have been being used by national banks in Europe, New Zealand, and Canada in the course of recent years. Such strategies have been especially engaged in Canada. As confirmed by Pierre Fortin, the main target the Bank of Canada has sought after since 1989 has been to build up and keep up the swelling rate at zero level, which it sees as a CPI expansion rate that is obviously underneath two percent (italic included). To the shock of many, it has been unimaginably effective, accomp lishing its target quite a while before plan. Albeit isolated by just a couple of rate focuses, Canadas strategy is a sharp complexity to the moderate and adjusted methodology utilized in the U.S. Since 1989 the Federal Reserve has been happy with accomplishing a swelling pace of around 3 percent. In setting the loan fee, it has kept on giving unequivocal consideration to genuine financial development and work, with the outcome that the U.S. joblessness rate is as of now in the 5 to 6 percent go. In light of this measurement alone, it tends to be contended that the more moderate U.S. approach has delighted in more noteworthy accomplishment than the collapse situated strategy sought after by the Bank of Canada: Canada keeps on being troubled with a higher pace of joblessness. However, it keeps on accepting that the joblessness expenses of low expansion are passing and little . The executives of most European Central Banks likewise keep on supporting this authoritative opinion. Plainl y, the validity of the old style thought that the Phillips exchange off among expansion and joblessness vanishes over the long haul is still high all through the world. In any case, in Canada, as in the greater part of Europe, the holding up proceeds. This isn't to propose that the cat-and-mouse game has been quiet and totally lovely. Without a doubt, the relative need (or slack!) of accomplishment of zero expansion approaches and severe value controls has prodded a lot of warmed discussion. As a for example, more individuals are interested why Canada has solely centered around expansion cutting and deliberately ignored the more adjusted, and ostensibly increasingly fruitful, approach received by the U.S.. Is it really attractive, or insightful, to point towards virtual value solidness? Are there genuine long haul advantages to low, or zero, expansion? What are the genuine impacts of low expansion? The power of the continuous discussion on these issues gives proof that there are no direct answers. The reason for this paper is to test at these issues trying to cast some clearness on the discussion. Properly, it starts with an examination of the outcomes of low swelling on the lead of fiscal approach. As is notable, these impacts are questionable, and this paper not the slightest bit implies to end the halt. Carrying the pertinent issues to the fore, in any case, is equivalent to conveying an all around loaded tool kit that contains a considerable lot of the necessities for very much made sentiments. The Consequences of Low Inflation on Monetary Policy as of late, money related arrangement has been elevated to the inside phase of financial approach making the world over. This is a differentiation to the main portion of the twentieth century when it was consigned exclusively to experimentation in the shadows. During these early years, monetary strategy was exclusively utilized; due to some extent to the downturn of the thirties, and the rest of, the procedure of post WWII reproduction and the Keynesian convention that financial activity was important to forestall inadequacy in total interest. By the late sixties and mid seventies in any case, the greater part of the created world was seeing the development of a mix of high swelling and low development; i.e., stagnation, and the respected Keynesian investigation couldn't devise conceivable reactions to the wonder. Therefore, money related approach developed as a famous instrument of financial arrangement, especially in the battle against swelling. Issues identified with the direct of financial approach worked their way to the bleeding edge of strategy banters during the 1980s as development and value dependability were the halfway and long haul goals. Progressively, a free agreement developed among modernly propelled nations that the prevailing target of financial strategy ought to be cost soundness, and from the beginning of the 1990s, this conviction has expanded in ubiquity. Be that as it may, contrasts keep on existing among national saves money as to the suitable transitional objective. While some think about financial totals and, accordingly, money related focusing as operationally important, others center only around loan fees despite the fact that the between connection between the two targets is all around perceived. Once more, similarly as with all expansion related issues, there is by all accounts little accord. In spite of the fact that it may be noted in going here, financial strategy has additionally experienced a renaissance in creating economies. A great part of the early writing on advancement financial matters concentrated on genuine factors, for example, reserve funds, speculation, and innovation as the fountainheads of development. Almost no consideration was paid to the money related framework as a contributory factor. In reality, during that time endless assessments have featured that swelling is endemic during the time spent financial development and is in like manner regarded more as a result of basic irregularity than as a money related marvel. Notwithstanding, with a developing assemblage of overpowering proof, it has become certain that any procedure of financial development where money related extension is ignored likewise prompts inflationary weights with resultant effects on monetary development. In this way, cost soundness and financial strategy have expected expanded significance everywhere throughout the world, in creating and created economies the same. However, the across the board utilization of money related strategy to control swelling doesn't really suppress the thunders of strategy banter. Indeed, the degree to which cost security ought to be considered to be the superseding goal of fiscal strategy has become an inexorably warmed subject of conversation. The pivotal inquiry is by all accounts whether the quest for low expansion; (i.e., value steadiness) through financial arrangement sabotages the capacity o f an economy to accomplish and support higher development. A considerable assemblage of research possesses the assessment of this exchange off, whose roots follow back to the Phillips bend (1958) which exhibited the converse connection between the adjustment in wage rates and joblessness rates. It was here that the proposal of an exchange off among swelling and joblessness was first laid. In spite of the fact that the Phillips relationship has in this manner been tested on hypothetical and observational grounds, it keeps on shaping a significant locus of investigation and it is judicious to take a gander at in some detail beneath. The Phillips Curve It is notable, and for the most part acknowledged, that the descending slant of the Phillips bend emerges fundamentally as a result of the nearness of cash fantasy and expected expansion going astray from real swelling. In view of this information, and its ensuing studies, the common expansion/fiscal approach contention focuses on the co nceivable short-run and since a long time ago run exchange off among swelling and joblessness. This differentiation fundamentally originates from the supposition of mistake learning process in the assurance of inflationary desires laborers do have an expectation on the swelling, but since they judge the expansion execution from the past information, the change between the normal and real expansion is moderate. This infers in the short-run, ostensible pay rise won't completely assimilate the genuine expansion, and all things considered, there is degree for decreasing joblessness through swelling. As individuals alter their desires for swelling, the short-run Phillips bend moves upward and joblessness rate returns towards its characteristic level. As the normal expansion finds real

Self reflection paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Self reflection paper - Essay Example Like this is the fiend impact, whereby an individual assesses another as low on numerous attributes in light of a conviction that the individual is low on one characteristic which is thought to be basic. This paper will give a self impression of my life as a home medical attendant well as how my life has been changed because of various perspective on morals. One of the significant encounters to a comprehension of my life in the nursing calling is the effect of nature and support in our future judgment and translation of issues. Having worked for quite a while as a medical attendant, I have likewise uninhibitedly interfaced with elderly folks individuals, kids and the debilitated. Along these lines, I have come to appreciate how the day to day environment during the early long stretches of a youngster can decide their public activity. For instance, a kid who is conceived in a cherishing, mindful and defensive family will consistently be aware to other people, persevering or more all coincide well with the earth. While a kid who is conceived in a rough family will get intolerative and cruel to dissimilar perspectives, the person will consistently need his assertion to be taken genuine along these lines turning into a diving being (Fagothey, 2000). These kids will never regard different people’s assessment in this manner they accept that viciousness is the arrangement. In my very own life I have discovered that I have a decent listening capacity. This is ascribed to the way that I give an abundant chance to my patients with the goal that they can educate me in regards to their physical and mental circumstance. Along these lines, I have general data that I have to embrace my obligations. One of the significant ways that my experience will influence my work in the helping calling is that I will be able to blend with different individuals paying little mind to their social or financial foundation. Also, I will have capacity to openly intermix with others along these lines by functioning as a cooperation I will have the option to gain aptitudes controlled by different individuals from the group. One of the significant angles I gained from my own life

Spread a Little Thanks

Spread a Little Thanks The fall season is coming to a close as Thanksgiving draws near, and I can’t help but feel a sense of thankfulness for all of the amazing opportunities the University of Illinois has provided for me in my two years here. Today I would like to thank all of the people that have shaped me into the student, friend, and future educator I am today. Thank you to my mentors, my professors, and especially my teaching assistants, who work tirelessly to ensure I have the tools I will need to succeed. Specifically, I would like to thank Dr. David Zola, Assistant Dean Kathy Ryan, and the academic advisors for the College of Education, Michael Parrish and Michelle Ellis. Their support goes far beyond their job titles. Their hard work and dedication to education has fueled my passion for teaching, and I know they will continue to challenge and support me throughout my career. I would also like to thank Jane and John Seiler, my scholarship donors. Because of their generosity and love for education, I am able to pursue my dreams. Last, but certainly not least, I would like to thank my seventh-grade social studies teacher (and inspiration), Mary Castellano, who sparked my love for teaching so many years ago. I want to thank the University of Illinois for providing me with an academic platform that constantly challenges me as a student. I am proud to be one of 40,000 students who are committed to innovation and the power of education. This school has become my home away from home, and making roots here has made me a well-rounded member of the community. There are so many others who I am thankful for: my family and loved ones, my friends, and my coworkers, to name a few. Because of all of you, I am able to succeed, flourish, and change the world. Thank you for all you do! Rachel Class of 2020 I am studying Middle Grades Education with concentrations in Social Sciences and Literacy in the College of Education. Although I now reside in Champaign, I am originally from Vernon Hills, a Northwest suburb of Chicago.

Women s Rights Of Women - 1447 Words

Throughout time war has been predominantly fought by men, because the idea was that women should stay home and tend to the house and the children. Few women have made a name for themselves in history, fighting in war alongside men. The most notable woman in history that broke all the gender rules of ancient time was Joan of Arc. Joan fought for Charles VII, to take back France from the English. In the end she was captured by the English and burned at the stake. Joan is the most notable women in ancient history to fight in war. Fast forward to the year 2015 in the United States of America, a new fight has been started to open the door for women to fight alongside their male counter-parts in the field of combat. Questions have been raised on†¦show more content†¦Doctors have pointed out key physical deficiencies. If you look at the militaries physical test you can see the unequal standards between men and women when it comes to physical fitness in women. There are women amongs t the ranks of men, that can and do perform or even outperform men in this physical test. In the military there is a set standard that men and women have to meet physically. These standards are: Push-Ups, Sit-Ups, and a 2-Mile Run. The score of each category varies from age group to gender. For a recruit to graduate boot camp, they must meet a score value of 150 points or higher with at least 50 points in each category (Smith). Once, these new recruits graduate boot camp, they then move onto Advance Infantry Training. At AIT, the physical standards are increased for both age group and gender. The categories are the same at this point in a soldier’s career. For a soldier to graduate AIT, they must score at least 180 points or higher and score at least 60 points in each category (Smith). A soldier is able to graduate with these scores, however, these are the bare minimum and will reflect poorly on your record. If a soldier seeks to achieve the Physical Fitness Badge they must score a 270 or above on the Army PFT. The scoring is much different for men and women. If you look at Appendix 1, you can see the minimum a soldier must meet at both boot camp and AIT. By looking at these charts you can see the unfairness scoring between men andShow MoreRelatedWomen s Rights Of Women Essay1455 Words   |  6 Pagesa myriad of women have expressed through outlets such as public assemblies, literature, and speeches. There have been three waves of the women’s movement, each targeting a variety of issues within each era. The third wave was in 1995, where Hillary Clinton spoke in Beijing, China, claiming that women’s rights were the same as human rights, that every aspiring girl deserved the civil liberties that every man was given around the world. Moreover, the movement had shifted towards women in developingRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1265 Words   |  6 Pagesstands in the way of women being equal to men? Journalist Carlin Flora suggests the following, â€Å"While not all claims to hu manity are universal and no one context, culture or continent can truly represent all peoples, the following three examples from very different contexts, cultures and continents show that some violations of women’s human rights are universal. In particular, it is still the case the world over that a woman’s reproductive rights, which impact on her right to life, are still seenRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women881 Words   |  4 PagesTwenty –first century ladies are discovering it a daunting task to keep up both sexual orientation parts as an aftereffect of the women s activist development. They are presently assuming liability for both the supplier and the nurturer, battling like never before to acquire and keep a superior personal satisfaction. Woman s rights has supported in equivalent vocation opportunity, battling to get ladies acknowledged into the employment advertise, and what initially began as ladies strengtheningRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women Essay1 647 Words   |  7 Pagesthe early 1920’s, women thought they had achieved the unachievable. They could finally work, keep their earned wages, marry whomever they please, and even vote. After reaching their goal and fighting vigorously, women could taste equality and the freedom they deserved. While women still have the right to work in today’s society, women are not exactly treated equal in the workplace. Regardless of the past and the extreme measures taken to ensure equal opportunities for both men and women, there are manyRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1590 Words   |  7 Pagesthe 1920s, women were ignored in every aspect of their life. From politics, to social situations, women were constantly looked at as lesser. The 20s was a decade of women ready to fight for their rights. From gaining social freedoms, to getting political rights, the 20s was the first decade of feminism. Many women played key roles in the fight for women s rights through speeches, marches, and much more. The women that fought for their rights in the 1920s completely changed how women live their livesRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1230 Words   |  5 PagesWomen’s suffrage has stretched from the 1800’s to present day, as women have struggled to have the same civil and constitutional rights as men in politics and be appreciated as equals in the workforce. Groups of women known as suffragists questioned the customary views of women’s roles. Eventually our nation has evolved and realized that male-controlled societies suppress women’s rights. From the beginning steps taken in 1850 to 2013 with women earning combat roles in the military, women’s rolesRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1206 Words   |  5 Pagesto speak of women and the role of women in this election, the subject of women is tiresome but necessary in a world where gender is still existent as an obstacle for most. I cannot identify what woman is. I am basing my definiti on from our modern understanding of woman, our general view, and the popular experience. People are using younger women voting for Bernie Sanders as proof of gender’s irrelevant in this election, that women have achieved their rights. Even if women ‘have rights now’ it doesRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1393 Words   |  6 Pages Women all over the world are being treated different than men. Iran is one of the places that women are being treated the worst. From restrictions to punishments, women in Iran are being treated with no respect, and that is not okay. Women’s rights activists have tried to get it to change, and have traveled to many places to try and get more people to join their movement. There are many issues with women not having the same rights as men. One of the main problems is that they are treated lessRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1272 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout history, women have fought a strenuous battle for equal rights. Many men, and even some women, all over the world believe that women do not share the same value and importance to society as men do. On September 5, 1995, Hillary Clinton spoke at the 4th World Conference on Women, on behalf of women all over the world. Clinton raised awareness on how women s rights are being violated and why it is important to recognize women s rights as equal to everyone else’s rights. Even today, in 2016Read MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1052 Words   |  5 PagesThe family has traditionally been the basic unit of Chinese society where women have long been charged with upholding society s values in their roles as wives and mothers. Especially in the Qing Dynasty, women were required to balance society s i deals with the reality of raising a family and maintaining a household. Throughout the imperial period and into the beginning of the twentieth century, the relationship among family members was prescribed by Confucian teachings. The revered philosopher

Women in Ancient Civilizations - 1340 Words

The role of women in different civilizations, even though on different spectrums of the world, had many similarities and only a few differences. Women in these four civilizations: Greece, Egypt, China, and India faced many of the same hardships, struggles, and prejudices. Some of this treatment of women didnt even end until present day (1920s). In some of these civilizations women were able to rise up somewhat in their communities but it didnt come without some kind of interference. When it came to the rights of these women, they really didnt have any at all. In Greece women were considered to be second class citizens at best. All women were forbidden to own property, inherit their own name, vote, or attend political debate. Men†¦show more content†¦Now it is around the age of eighteen for both. The woman and the womans family must still present dowry to the husband and his family. There were also limited rights in the family back then as there is now. Women in India can go through being burned and abused by their husbands with nothing being done at all (www.geocities.com/hinduism/hindu_women.html). These women, even though they were very restricted, they were responsible for items when it came to home and family. Out of all of theShow MoreRelatedThe Changing Role of Women in Ancient Civilizations Essay2422 Words   |  10 Pageswith laws framed by men and with a judicial system that judges feminine conduct from a masculine point of view.†(Notable Quotes) Ibsen’s statement exemplifies what life was like for women during ancient times. In many of the organized ancient civilizations, it was very common to find a primarily patriarchal civilization in government as well as in society. The causing factors can be attributed to different reasons, the main being the Neolithic Revolution and the new found dependence on manpower itRead MoreEssay on Forgotten Half of History: Women in Ancient Civilization1569 Words   |  7 Pages Women in Ancient civilizations could be seen as a backbone for women today. Women are often seen as inferior to men and their vital role in the unfolding of ancient civilizations. There have been many vital roles that women have played throughout history. Women in all Ancient civilizations faced many of the same hardships, prejudices, and struggles. Two specific ancient civilizations, which had similar aspects, were Ancient Egypt and Ancient Rome. In these two ancient civilization, women playedRead MoreTraditional Garments of Ancient Civilizations Still Worn by Women Today1865 Words   |  8 Pagesother variations, such as linen and silk and recently, polyester, have also been used to create the fabric needed for this popular dress among the Indians (Kamat, 2012). The sari is reported to be 5,000 years old, originating from the Indus Valley civilization, dated between 2800-1800 B. C. It is said to have evolved from the word Sattika or Sadi (Prakrit), which simply means, strip of cloth. Further, tracing the history of the sari, it was construed that the sari actually originated from the maleRead MoreThe Difference Between Men And Women1229 Words   |  5 Pagesmen and women have been a major conflict throughout time. The idea of who is more superior in a civilization has always typically fallen more towards man than women. Even though the idea of men and women having different society roles in history it is important to have in a society. Through out history in ancient Mesopotamia, ancient Judaism, and ancient Greek genders are important to each civilization; however, women are made to serve men, disobey man, and also have an important role. Women throughRead MoreAncient China Versus Ancient Greece Essay1008 Words   |  5 PagesAncient China Versus Ancient Greece Ancient China and Ancient Greece were two vastly different civilizations with different cultures; they shared a multitude of similar political, economic, and philosophical achievements while also inholding multiple differences. The centralized government of China differed from the independent city-states of Athens. A similarity that both civilizations held in regards to politics would be the role, or lack thereof one, that women played within their respectiveRead MoreThe Main Contributions from Greek Society Essay572 Words   |  3 PagesThe Greek civilization was the first European civilization. At this point in time religion is not prevalent or influential. The European religion was borrowed from the Middle East. There are two main contributions from the Greek civilization. They were politics and secular. Polis the Greek word for city state is where politics came from. They had modern politics with the first democracy. It was divided into city-states that rule themselves in a dem ocratic fashion. With this they have the majorityRead MoreAncient Greece : A True Civilization1507 Words   |  7 PagesGreece A True Civilization Joshua Soifer and Remy Dunn Eurasian History Mr. Yamada October 6 2017 As the politician and bishop Stephen Gardiner once claimed, â€Å"The center of Western culture is Greece, and we have never lost our ties with the architectural concepts of that ancient civilization†. In many ways, through their academic pursuits, philosophical ideologies, or advanced trade systems, Ancient Greek culture has proven to be the foundation for Western culture. Ancient Greece wasRead MoreComparing The Egyptians And The Mesopotamians Essay1449 Words   |  6 PagesMesopotamians were neolithic civilizations. They both grew crops and they both relied on agriculture and had many rulers as time went on. We start at Egypt In 3100 B.C and Mesopotamians at 5000 B.C (1). The Nile river was a key place for the start of the Ancient Egyptian empire. Egyptians themselves were located near lower Egypt closeby the Nile Delta. They then slowly moved up around upper egypt. With clear fertile and rich soil, agriculture was most efficient and made the Ancient Egyptians very rich.Read MoreAncient Egypt And Ancient Egyptian Civilization1495 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Egypt treated its women better than any of the other major civilizations of the ancient world† (Thompson). Over 6,000 years ago, the powerful civilization of Ancient Egypt began, lasting for almost 30 centuries. Ancient Egyptians treated their cats like royalty, used spells and animal flesh to heal almost anything (Napoli Balit). Most Importantly, the people of Ancient Egypt valued their polytheistic religion above everything, they worked hard in order to get into the paradise of the afterlifeRead MoreWomen s Roles During Ancient Egypt1665 Word s   |  7 PagesArchaeology April 24, 2015 Women s Roles in Ancient Egypt Ancient Egypt was a civilization of ancient Northeastern Africa and it was one of the six civilizations globally to arise independently. Egyptian civilization began around 3150 BC and only ended nearly 30 centuries later due to the conquest of Alexander the Great in 332 B.C. Noted for their great pyramids of the Old Kingdom, historians often question the gender roles in society. The main sources of information about ancient Egypt is evident through

Two important concepts about debt Free Essays

He believed that in order to improve the turret financial situation, it is important for people to stop getting increasing loans. However, he also agreed that there are debts that cannot be avoided, such as student loan correspond to the high tuition fee. Therefore, he concluded that borrowing loan has risk, and it is important for future youth to avoid debt as much as they can. We will write a custom essay sample on Two important concepts about debt or any similar topic only for you Order Now According to Warren Buffet, the problem of increasing debt is getting worse and worse. Many people become rely only on borrowing more loans to pay back their debts; however, this technique would only be harmful to people’s insane since their debt could never be completely paid. In the recent years, people get used to pay their spending with credit cards. By using credit cards, people are less likely to realize how much they are spending since they are not carrying the actual cash. Therefore, people do not think carefully when they are buying stuff. Without real cash, they could not recognize whether the product is actually worth for the price and whether the product is really necessary for buying. People would not identify the seriousness of their spending problem until the monthly bills come to their hands. Unfortunately, omen of them would not change their habits; instead, they might open a new credit card to recover the others’ debts. Gradually, their debts are increasing, and they would not be able to pay them back to the banks. Thus, Warren Buffet suggested people to begin eliminate their bad habits of borrowing loans step by step. People can organize their daily expenses into a notebook or to their technical devices. They can mark down all their spending, so that they would be able to find out what are necessary and what are not. By doing so, they can only spend their money within their budgets, so that they can eave money rather than keeping borrowing loans. On the other hand, Warren Buffet admitted that some loans are not avoidable according to the situation. For instance, the college tuition fee is getting higher and higher each year. The University of California has just agreed to increase 5% tuition fee to its students, which bring a lot of financial problems to many families. One of my friends was anger and lost after the US system announced the news, because her family is also paying tuition for her twin sister and her brother at the same time. In this situation, her family has o borrow more loans to pay for the tuition; otherwise, the three children will not be able to get education. However, Warren Buffet suggested that students should try to minimize the loans they borrow. For example, I think they should try to do work-study or do part-time jobs as long as they can help their parents from getting more debts without paying back much. Also, people should try their best to find the best banks to borrow loans, which would offer them the lowest interest rates and the most benefits. Overall, I was convinced that it is important for people to know how to engage their money and become awareness of the amount of money they are borrowing. How to cite Two important concepts about debt, Papers

ISO 9001 and Quality Management Systems Essay Example

ISO 9001 and Quality Management Systems Essay Quality management system is a part of modern management that deals with the approach on the basis of drawing on system and quality theories. There are different approaches to quality management systems and most of these approaches are based on the principles that are obtained from practical work experiences in industrial manufacturing and not from agricultural practices and academic research. This only means that majority of the quality management systems are applied and used in the manufacturing industry (www.itri.org, 2008). Different quality management systems have a common process to ensure the quality of their products and services. This common process is known as quality control. This quality control function is a very important step in the production process and thus will not be eliminated by most manufacturers. Quality control is very important because without it, the number of defective products that must be repaired, disposed, or returned would dramatically increase. Along with the many importance of quality management systems and quality control is one of the most important reason in the implementation of these systems, that is reputation upholding. For example, majority and almost all of consulting and service industries monitor the quality of the services that they offer in order to uphold their reputations. Other reasons include the satisfaction of customers and the ability to generate and repeat business. We will write a custom essay sample on ISO 9001 and Quality Management Systems specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on ISO 9001 and Quality Management Systems specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on ISO 9001 and Quality Management Systems specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In order to achieve quality control, there should be data quality. Data quality refers to the quality that ensures the accuracy, timeliness, completeness and consistency of the data that are being used by an organization. Along with this definition of data quality is the responsibility that for anyone who uses the data, he or she has a common understanding and knowledge of what the data represents. For the better understanding of what data quality really means, consider the following examples. For example, data of product sales should be more specific, that is, if it either includes or excludes internal sales. Another example of data quality is that the appropriate units for a certain measurement done in a transaction or recorded in documents. That is, whether the currency used is in euros or in dollars. Overall, the scope of data quality is not limited to the data that are generated by the organization or of a certain industry but also the data that are obtained from external sources. The improper implementation of data quality can negatively affect a certain company or industry (Greenyer et. al., 2007). The use of poor quality data can negatively influence the name of a company in the market or the way that the company is perceived in the marketplace. The first impression of the customer is that of the quality of products and services that a certain company can give to its customers. Specific examples of minor errors and yet evidence of poor quality are misaddressed mails, wrong invoices, and erroneous shipments. In today’s modern world, quality management system dictates the future of a certain goal or vision. However, employing quality management system alone without an efficient way of implementing or doing it will lead to result that is comparable to that of having no quality system management at all. That it is why, a strategy or tactic must be done in accordance with quality management system. Different strategies around the world are being used, and all of these strategies depend also on the specific field in which quality management system will be employ, medicine for example. By looking at some examples of strategy on the use of quality management system in the real world, we may be able to evaluate its content, predict possible outputs and correct errors. More or less, the style of quality management system can be modified in order to suit a particular topic or area of specialization. For a clearer view of this topic, the following case is given. In New Zealand, there is a tradition of conducting five-yearly population censuses. In the year 1996, having a low budget and the limited time frame to conduct the national census, the goal of   obtaining a high quality data which will be input in a database for next years use was not achieved. Thus, another approach was used. The approach used is know commonly known as The 2001 Quality Management Strategy. This 2001 QMS (Quality Management Strategy) lead an example on further use of census. In this new method, five main strategies were used in order to achieve the desired goal of high quality data. Although there are main strategies used, the wide range of outputs made it difficult to choose specific and long lasting strategies. The strategies used include the differentiation between the levels of outputs quality, agreement on the quality for 2001 standards, identification of high risk areas to quality throughout the census process, management and reduction of risks, and monitoring and measurement of quality along with the provision of feedback to users. Overall, this 2001 QMS provided the starting point for managing quality throughout a census (McBeth et. al., n.d.) No matter what the strategy is or the type of quality management system that a company is using, the main point here is the strive to achieve quality. One importance of quality is the demand to meet the customers’ needs. Quality can be determined by measuring quality characteristics such as reliability, maintainability, and robustness. If these quality characteristics are not ensured by researchers and the industrial processes are not designed to meet the customers’ needs, the inherent quality of the products can not be increase (www.itri.org, 2008). In order to promote and ensure quality, research and development is a very important factor for it plays a very important role. This is the main reason why international organizations like ISO (International Organization for Standardization) exists and set the rules and policies which are implemented as a guide to ensure the quality of products and services being offered by different industries. One of the organizations in the field of research and development that sets the guidelines for quality control and quality assurance is the ISO or the International Organization of Standardization. ISO is a worldwide organization that develops much different kind of standards. This organization develops the standards that are being used by companies worldwide for them to be plug in the world market. ISO 9001 refers to the series of documents for the Quality Management System Standard and contains the actual requirements or qualifications that an organization must possess for it to become ISO 9001 registered. Thus, ISO 9001 serves as a guideline or a lost of protocols that organizations and companies must follow in order to provide high quality products and services for the consumers. The ISO 9001 is an outline for a quality management system. It applies to all types of organizations of different sizes and different functions. It is an outline that can help organizations, whether product or service oriented in achieving quality standards that are highly recognized and respected throughout the world (www.praxiom.com, 2008). As an outline, it sets the criteria for a good quality management system. These criteria are the basics of good business practice and involves setting of quality goals, ensuring that the customer requirements are understood and met, training of employees, control of production processes, purchase from suppliers, and the correction of problems and ensuring that they will not happen again. If all the above mentioned criteria are met, the company will be ISO 9001 certified. Companies that are ISO 9001 certified can put the ISO registration mark in their marketing materials and this will tell the potential consumers or clients of that company that the company has a good quality management system in place (www.the9000store.com, 2007) The use of ISO 9001 in building the Quality Management System of a company is accompanied by the responsibility of managing the company or organization as a system of interrelated processes. It involves the planning of these processes and the identification of their relation with each other in order to set the goals and make improvements. Along with the responsibilities and duties that an ISO 9001 Certified Company must follow are also the benefits that it will achieve in doing so. These benefits involve internal and marketing benefits. Internal benefits include increased productivity, less scrap and rework, increased employee satisfaction, continual improvement, and increased profits. On the other hand, marketing benefits such as an internationally recognized quality management system, increased opportunities in specific markets, and increased customer satisfaction, will be achieved by an ISO 9001 certified company. This only means that ISO 9001 certification will lead to a more globally competitive and productive company that meets and supplies the demands of its consumers. Aside from the benefits of the company, the employees will also benefit from it. It will ensure them that they have the training and information to do their job correctly. Working in an ISO certified company entails the employees to be in strict compliance with the precautions of quality control. This way, a high quality range of goods and services can be provided to meet the rising demand of consumers. Having discussed the principles of ISO 9001 together with the importance of having a strategic plan of a good quality management system, the most important part is the understanding of the overall steps and necessary action that must be taken in the planning, implementation, and assessment of a good quality management system. The first step is the purchase of standard. Upon purchase, the support literature and software must be reviewed and the strategy that must be used by the company must be agreed upon by the whole team. That is, the company must be very familiar with the standard. This part is relatively easy for there are a wide range of quality publications about the ISO 9001 standard. The next step is the consideration of training. This part involves training through workshops, seminars, and training programs. Training also involves the review of consultancy options, which is the consultation or getting advice from independent consultant in the implementation of quality management system. The last part is choosing a registrar. The registrar is like a third party that assesses the effectiveness of the quality management system of a company or particular industry. The registrar will also issue the company its certificate as a proof that it meets the requirement of the standard. The way to choose a registrar is somehow complex because a wide range of registrars that exists in the market In choosing a registrar, different factors such as experience in the industry, price, geographic coverage and the level of service being offered should be considered. Part of choosing a registrar is the development of a quality manual. This quality manual outlines the goal and intents of a company in operating in a quality manner. The development of a quality manual is followed by the development of support documentation.   It describes the role of each key personnel, how they should do it, and why should they do it. Also in the list of steps is the implementation of the quality management itself. In implementation, it should be well remembered that communication and training plays a vital key to succeed. In the implementation phase, every member of the company works on the procedure and gathers the records that are proof of each member’s part that are being done as according to the protocol. For any company or industry, a good quality management system does not stop in the implementation step; a thorough examination of the system should be conducted to determine its effectivity. The first step in the said system examination is a pre-assessment check. The main purpose of this step is to determine the areas where the company may not be operating as according to the standard. That is, if there is a deviation in the system that leads to error or poor quality. This step is very important for it will enable a company to check and correct its errors before the actual system assessment is done. The results of the pre-assessment should be arrange or certified by the registrar and the quality system management used will be reviewed and the result will determine if the company will be recommended for registration. After being recognized, ISO 9001 certification can be already used by the company to aid it in achieving its goals while having a high level of quality goods and services. Lastly, the maintenance of the certification must be maintained by the company and to do so, the continuous use of the quality system management should be employed. The registrar will occasionally check that the company is meeting the standards. In this way, the use, monitoring and arrangement of quality companies can be well sorted. That is, having in mind the goal of a high quality level of products or services (www.bsi-emea.com, 2007). The question that is always being checked for the quality system management of a company is the validity of their methods. This can be understood better by considering the case given. For example, a new chemical company is claiming that they provide accurate and high quality analysis of different chemical samples. So, how does quality management system will be applied to this company to ensure the truth of its quality claims? The answer to this industrial dilemma is through registrar checking as dictated in the scheme for quality management system. That is, the results for the analysis of a particular chemical that will be obtain by the new chemical company will be compared to the results that are obtained by an ISO certified company. That is, the results that are obtained by the new company should be the same or within the accurate limits of the ISO certified company. This method of checking the quality of a newly established chemical company can also be done through the so called inter laboratory analysis. That is, the same samples will be given to new and ISO certified companies and the results that will be obtained will be evaluated. This example shows the application of quality management system and ISO 9001 in the implementation of high quality and reliable products and services. The overall understanding of quality management system and ISO 9001 will guide developing companies and will maintain the quality of products and services being offered by highly respected companies. It is a supreme tool in terms of quality excellence and is one of the major forces governing the marketplace of the business sector in today’s world. In conclusion, it can be determined that the desire for excellence of humanity serves as the driving force to create tools such as the quality management system and ISO 9001 that will uplift the standards for quality of companies worldwide. Both QMS and ISO 9001 are necessary tools in today’s competitive world.

MGMT 305 Example

MGMT 305 Example MGMT 305 – Case Study Example High Noon at Alpha Mills Performance at Alpha Company would have improved just with a little push of the ream dynamics and not total reorganization. The changes brought about by Davison were really good and would have yielded an increase in performance but Davison in his plan formulation and implementation failed to take into account team dynamics. Team dynamics as explained by McShane and Mary (2012) are very important in an organization the prides itself in working in teams. The teams share everything in terms of commonality and goals and hence they stick together even when situations become rough to endure. What Davison should have done in his analysis of the causes of poor performance in the organization would have been to incorporate the views and decisions of the workers. They are the ones performing the work and hence would have insight as to the problem and even offer solutions to the organization. This team right from the workers to the assistant supervisors saw Ang as not o nly their manager but as their role model and even hero to some extent. He dealt with all their problems, interacted with them on a more personal basis that just a superior and had almost been present from the time all of them were hired. His knowledge of the running of the company and the workers is what made them believe and trust his opinion and decisions. His removal was therefore the end straw to it and just as a team accepts defeat as a whole, the whole team in Alpha accepted defeat once Ang left. Work CitedMcShane, Steven and Mary Von Glinow. Organizational Behavior. New York: McGraw-Hill Education, 2012.

Why I Self-Publish My Literary Fiction

Why I Self-Publish My Literary Fiction Why I Self-Publish My Literary Fiction Self-published books are still largely associated with genre novels, while authors tend to  turn to traditional publishers for literary fiction. We were curious to hear from someone who has been challenging labels and going against industry wisdom to carve her own niche in the publishing world. Indie author Jane Davis  used to be bullied into changing her work just to fit into an easily marketable category. She decided to take matters into her own hands and self-publish her daring, award-winning fiction.  Eimear McBride used the platform provided by her various competition wins to urge publishers to back challenging fiction. McBride had spent 9 years submitting the manuscript for A Girl is a Half-Formed Thing before it was taken up by Galley Press, a small publisher which puts story before profit. For many writers, 9 years would be too long. How Much Does It Cost to Self-Publish a Book in 2019? Read post You’re not the only one!I read about this experience everywhere. Cornelia Funke, who writes a hugely popular fantasy series, had demands from her American publisher who told her ‘We want you to change the first chapter and to turn the ending into an epilogue’. Her answer was, ‘This is a published book. That is the book.’It’s not a question of not wanting to be challenged - far from it. But, with self-publishing, I can choose to collaborate with professionals who understand my visions and values, and who will work to help me make the book the very best it can be. As Joni Rodgers said to me, â€Å"If I go down in flames, I’d rather go down for something I believe in, something I’m proud and happy to have in my body of work.† With self-publishing, I can collaborate with professionals who understand my visions and values. Self-publishing is the mechanism that freed me to be more ambitious in terms of where I wanted to take my fiction. Instead of being dictated to, I am free to write about the issues I’m passionate about and fascinated by - the big subjects. Remove the pressure of trying of to mold something to fit the current market – which agents admit is risk-averse and overly-commercialised – and it grows wings. For authors of literary fiction, creative control isn’t just a plus. Increasingly it’s becoming a must.Jane Davis is the author of six novels. Her latest novel,   An Unknown Woman, won Self-Published Book of the Year, awarded by Writing Magazine and The David St John Charitable Trust. You can find it on Amazon here.Do you think the self-publishing is the better alternative for literary fiction? Have you had similar experiences with publishers? Share your thoughts and experiences - or any question for Jane - in the comments below!

The Curse by Andre Dubus - Story Analysis Research Paper

The Curse by Andre Dubus - Story Analysis - Research Paper Example The curse entails about a rape case, which was witnessed by the character, Mitchell. It concentrates more about his opinions and views concerning the rape case and portrays how it generally affects him both socially and psychologically. Mitchell his hunted with guilt for what occurred has he did not do anything to help. He struggles with conflicts that hunt him internally, as he tries to manage the empathetic emotions. In this aspect fear, for being hurt or injured in the situation prevents him from intervening and the culture code make him question his essence of protection to a woman as a man. The story questions on aspect of manhood, action and inaction. After analysis of our fist character Mitchell, we consider the other essential characters in the story, which are the motorcyclists. The author describes them as egocentric, in human and inconsiderate people who acted in self-interest. He shows how passionate they were as they first entered into the bar, â€Å"their eyes were qui ck, alert as wary animals, and they spoke loudly, with passion, but their passion was strange and disturbing, because they were only chatting, bantering (the curse, p.274) We also have a clear outline of the people present in the bar, the author describes Bob, he described him as a black-haired man who is too big compared to Mitchell Hayes, the author states that Mitchell " looked from the door, past Bob to the empty space of floor at the rear; sometimes people danced there, to the jukebox" (pg.273). The story also analysis on the women and their views and their reactions towards the rape case, in the society, in â€Å"the curse† we have three women involved, we have the rape victim, Mitchell wife, and Mitchell stepdaughter. He states on how he met his wife "One night she came into the bar with two of her girl friends from work. She made sixdollars an hour going to homes of invalids, mostly what she called her little old ladies, and bathing them" (pg.276). The author expounds that after Mitchell gives a clear outline of the rape case to his wife Susan, she says that he did the right thing, Mitchell his portrayed as Susan’s â€Å"little old ladies†. Mitchell does not want to become just â€Å"a good witness† he fills that he ought to have done something. Mitchell feels he himself will be at trial for what he did not do to assist the young woman. In this page, we are able to known about women attitudes and the categories in which Mitchell wife and stepdaughter view the rape case. In the next part of the story, we are able to analyze on struggle that Mitchell went through during the rape period. Mitchell had to submit, like the girl and just watch what was going on. Victimization of Mitchell by the motorcyclists, psychologically affected him. Both the girl and he were considered as victims in the story. Mitchell could not fight the five strong men and to the author explanation, it becomes a rape case to Mitchell. The author states that Mitchell "looked once at her sounds, then looked down at the duckboard he stood on, or at the belly or chest of a young man in front of him," (pg.273). In the next part of the story, the author states on the continuous condition of Mitchell. Mitchell becomes a storyteller, instead of being the hero, in his story telling, Mitchell leaves out the aspect of being the coward person who was not able to assist the victim this haunts Mitchell. The story also analysis the caring aspect of Mitchell to his customers, in the

Universal Serial Bus 3.0 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Universal Serial Bus 3.0 - Research Paper Example The invention of USB 3.0, supporting massive data transfer with super-fast speeds, overcomes these problems. (Perenson, 2010) With a blazing data transfer speed of over 5 gigabits per second will certainly add value towards a better life. Apart from the blazing speed, USB 3.0 is backward compatible as well, as it can be used with traditional USB 2.0 ports. For achieving USB 3.0 compliant speed, a USB 3.0 supported device and USB 3.0 compatible cable is required. However, the cable can be used with USB 2.0 compatible devices with no gain in data transfer speeds. (Perenson, 2010) The technological improvements of the USB 3.0 are identical to PCI Express and the backward compatibility support is achieved by an intelligent design along with a dual bus. For USB 3.0, the design incorporates five lines i.e. 4 data lines and one ground wire for USB 3.0 singles. Apart from having identical ground and power wires, both of USB technology versions are dissimilar (Perenson, 2010). USB 3.0 Architecture Figure 1.1 {Source (Govindaraman, 2010)} (Govindaraman, 2010) The USB 3.0 architecture is inspired by the PCI express architecture and the ISO model. The architecture has Physical layer tagged as (PHY), protocol layer and link layer, as illustrated in Fig 1.1. The PHY incorporates the connectivity between the device and the host or a hub device. Identical to the PCI express architecture physical layer, USB 3.0 incorporates encoding and decoding, data scrambling and descrambling, serialization and deserialization features (Govindaraman, 2010). The responsibility of the link layer incorporates stable data integrity for link partners by deploying error detection algorithms (Govindaraman, 2010). Likewise, packets are constructed in the link layer and link commands are allotted. Moreover, the protocol layer is responsible for managing end to end flow of data via device and a host (Govindaraman, 2010). Similar to the USB 2.0 architecture, the super speed bus is responsible for carrying address, status, data and control information. The four packet types are identical to the USB 3.0 i.e. the transaction packet (TP) and the data packet (DP). However, two other packets named as Isochronous Timestamp Packet (ITP) and Lin k Management Packet (LMP) is new in the USB 3.0 architecture (Govindaraman, 2010). USB 3.0 Power Management The power management of USB 3.0 incorporates enhanced power management functions for addressing the requirements of battery powered devices and portable applications. Moreover, USB 3.0 has also introduced â€Å"function suspend† feature that activates power management for individual functions associated with a composite device. This feature provides flexibility for eliminating other functions associated with the device; however, other functions remain operational. Furthermore, power saving is accomplished by a new feature called as latency tolerance messaging (LTM) architecture that is integrated within the USB 3.0. Likewise, the device may send information to the host for the tolerance of maximum delay from the time it sends the status ‘ERDY’ (Govindaraman, 2010). The table illustrated in Fig 1.2, demonstrates comparison of different technologies. The conc lusion highlights that USB 3.0 is 10 times faster than Fast Gigabit Ethernet, however, Gigabit Ethernet incorporates more power and the maximum cable length is also greater than USB 3.0. FireWire-b Gigabit Ethernet

Citizen Service Centres (KEP): Perceptions of Customers

Citizen Service Centres (KEP): Perceptions of Customers 1. Introduction 1.1 Importance of the Research According to the philosophical bases of marketing customer wants satisfaction. As the consumer is the key for a firm, the voter is the central element for a government or party (Lock and Harri,1996).In this context the citizen voter wants satisfaction and searching his satisfaction from the services that are offered to him is ‘‘ a lens through which government and public managers can gain a better perspective on how citizens respond to the performance of public services, (Van Ryzin , 2004) and offers important findings for the policy makers. Citizen satisfaction surveys are frequently used by U.S. local governments and public administration researchers in order to measure the quality of local government services (Hatry et al., 1992; Miller and Kobayashi, 2000). A big number of U.S. cities use surveys regularly (New York , San Francisco, Phoenix etc.),in order to analyze in a descriptive and unvaried way , the level of perceived quality of services ,within a locality and over time (Van Ryzin et al., 2004). Recent studies have compared citizen satisfaction with benchmarks that were developed from data collected across many localities (Miller and Miller 1991; Miller and Kobayashi 2000), and have focused on the individual, jurisdictional, and city-specific determinants of citizen ratings of service quality (De Hoog, Lowery, and Lyons 1990; Hero and Durand 1985),like taxes and expenditure ,and also on demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of respondents such as race (Schuman and Gruenberg, 1972). Other investigations have negotiated the citizen satisfaction from the police according to their ethnoracial characteristics (Brad W. S. 2005), or satisfaction from the education system or from hospitals (Amyx,Bristow ,2001, Suda Anita D.,1998). The importance of the public services quality became popular in the United Kingdom at 1990s when the political parties put an emphasis on the subject ,but even in our days the need for quality services that meet â€Å"customer† citizens needs and expectations, is more and more obvious .This need for quality public services is even expressed by the European Social Fund, as the implementation of the strategy and policies of the European Committee at Member States ,is strongly related with the public service organizations, which many of them are responsible for (ESF,2009). And although, in the marketing research exist a number of well-developed models of approaching customer satisfaction, there has been little development of a model that would test citizens satisfaction. As a result, it would be valuable to test such a model in the framework of Greek public services. 1.2 The Research Objectives The overall objective of this research is to examine the Greek citizens perceptions and expectations of service quality concerning the Citizen Service Centres (KEP) -a Greek public service based on servqual model. From this overall objective a number of more specific aims can be identified: Investigate consumer expectations towards the service offered from public services Examine citizen perceptions about Citizen Service Centres(KEP) Asses the factors that play an important role in the service quality of Citizen Service Centres (KEP) 2. Literature Review 2.1 Politics and the marketing concept It has often been argued that the application of ‘marketing tools and instruments in politics is nothing new (Perloff, 1999; Baines and Egan, 2001).In the last twenty-five years what have changed about the political marketing is not just the size of political marketing management but also the belief that political actors act and think in political terms. Political actors are them that they try to do marketing management in a frame of integration of marketing instruments in a coherent marketing strategy (Newman, 1994a; Dermody and Scullion, 2001). It is supposed that the selling of politicians and the selling of a product is linked (OShaughnessy, 2001) and that commercial and political contexts are essentially similar (Kotler, 1999). Many marketers believe that the tools and concepts of marketing can be transferred directly to the political arena (Lock and Harris ,1996) .The applications of political marketing are used as a tool of managing politics, developing policy (Nimmo, 1999), or even governing (OShaughnessy, 2003). The marketing concept in commercial terms is based on the principle that all company planning and operations will be customer oriented. As such the philosophical basis of the marketing concept is that customer want satisfaction (OCass, 1996). When a political party or candidate applies this concept to the political process, they must be in a position to adapt to and satisfy voters needs (Mauser, 1983; Newman and Sheth, 1987; Reid, 1988). For major mainstream parties, the overriding objective is to attract voters, win elections and hold power (Lock and Harris, 1996).In this extent knowing the degree of satisfaction of citizens seems to be important. 2.2 Citizen Citizen is every person of a state that has the citizenship of it (New Encyclopaedia, 2006). According the place and the time different criteria were used to define the citizen .The genealogical criterion, which is the oldest, the legal criterion and the economic (taxation) criterion .According to the first, citizen is the son of citizen that hasnt lost his rights. This definition was used in the ancient cities in order to distinguish the mass from the public. According to the second criterion citizen is each one that is recognized like that from the law. And finally, according to the last , citizen is each one that owns property or a quantity of goods and contributes to the governmental budget (Encyclopaedia Papyrus Larousse Britannica, 1992).Citizens have some rights and obligations .Their rights are political such as the right to vote, to be member of the jury or public servant , and personal such as the right to live ,to have free speech , to work, to live in freedom ,etc . ,that are protected from the state and are given to everyone. Citizens obligations such as taxation are set in order to protect the privileges that are offered to citizens from the government and they emerge from the need of the States existence (New Encyclopaedia, 2006). One of the governmental works is the provision of goods and services. All the modern governments take part directly to the economy by providing goods and services , organising industrial enterprises I promoting economic activities .Providing sanitary, education, and social insurance services , is one of the modern states concerns (Heinz Eulau ,1992). 2.3 Citizens as Customers, Customers as Citizens The classic definition of customer is â€Å"one who purchases or receives a product or service† (Carlson, 1997). The concept of customer is often more complicated in the public sector. For example, the city of Coral Springs in Florida, refined the idea by considering two distinct categories of external customers. Moreover, a building permit applicant is a direct customer while the applicants neighbors are among the indirect customers who will benefit if the decision helps to ensure a safer city and more appropriate land use and construction practices. But even with these refinements, â€Å"citizen† sometimes has a broader meaning. Citizens enjoy rights and take on responsibilities that extend well beyond those commonly recognized to customers (Popovich, 1999). Despite the passage of generations, the fact that government cannot succeed without the peoples trust and support, is a true even today. These essential elements of civil society shape the capacity and help determine the actual performance of government. Societys efforts to accomplish its highest priority and most practical goals are likely to fall short in the absence of the peoples agreement in the functions of government. As the customer is the key for a firm, the citizen -voter is the central element for a government. 2.4 Public services A service is a non material product (education, health safety etc).The meaning of public services isnt constrained in the area of Public and Αdministrative law .The public service is a known significance in the economy, as an appropriate tool of the states expansion in the social relations, for the preservation of stabilized provisions for the welfare state. Beyond the needs of the of practical policy, the interest of the political science with the expansions of the political philosophy is expressed , as the public service is characterized as the expansion of the state in its social activity . In other words , it is the way by which the state contacts the citizens in order to cover their direct needs .After the two World Wars this phenomenon is observed in the European area .In Germany , this works as ‘‘Anstalten (institutions) and the ‘‘ offentlichen Unternehmungen (public enterprises) . The administration (the welfare state) undertakes and guarantees ben efits even for the preservation of life of human who live massively in big cities such as transportation ,cleanliness , water , electricity etc. ÃŽ ¤he principles of function of the public services are connected with the needs and social aims that are tended to fulfil. Therefore, services are provided to everyone in the same way in order to cover the needs, under conditions that change from time to time (Encyclopaedia Papyrus Larousse Britannica ,1992 ). According to the Europa Glossary that is being updated given the recent signing of the Treaty of Lisbon ,the concept of public service is >. At the same time the Europa Glossary defines that continuity of service quality security of supply equal access affordable prices social , cultural and environmental acceptability Article 16 of the EC Treaty, introduced by the Treaty of Amsterdam, confirms the role of public services in the European Union. The EU policy on operators of public services is still shaped by the desire to liberalise network public services and to widen the scope of competition on national markets, be this, in the areas of rail transport, postal services, energy or telecommunications>>. 2.5 Citizen Service Centres (KEP) The institution of KEP was founded in 2002, based on an idea of the Deputy Minister Mr Beno. The KEP were founded according to the article 31 of law 3013/2002 and were staffed with short term labour agreement workers, according to the processes of article 6 of law 2527/1997. According to the Ministry of Internal Affairs (2007), over 60.000 of citizens visit every day Citizen Service Centres (KEP) for certified or not processes, ratifications of registrations, certifications of genuine signature and every kind of administrative information. The last three years 40 new KEP were founded and now they are 1035 at their total. The centres are open Monday to Friday, 8:00 to 20:00, and Saturday, 8:00 to 14:00. At Citizen Service Centres (KEP) citizens can:  · obtain information on what they need to do in order to manage their transactions with the municipality * submit applications for the processing of matters that involve the City that the KEP is registered and state agencies in accordance with joint decisions issued by the Interior Minister or other competent Minister >(City of Athens ,2007). Some of the procedures (about 1.014 at total) that Citizens can carry out at Citizen Service Centres are the following:  · The registration or transfer of registration of a passenger vehicle or motorcycle  · The issuance of a birth certificate duplicate  · The issuance of a criminal record duplicate for general or legal use  · The issuance of a marital status certificate  · The issuance of a birth certificate duplicate for those registered with the City of Athens  · The application for a rent subsidy for the year 2006 to Workers Housing Organisation beneficiaries (former recipients)  · The issuance of a registry birth certificate duplicate for an adult or minor  · The issuance of a public transport pass for individuals with disabilities  · The application for the seasonal unemployment benefit in accordance with Article 22 of Law 1836/89 OAED (Greek Manpower Employment Organisation)  · The issuance of a marital status certificate for individuals registered with the City of Athens (online)  · The application for a rent subsidy for the year 2006 to Workers Housing Organization beneficiaries (new recipients)  · The issuance of a marriage license duplicate  · The application for the OAED (Greek Manpower Employment Organization) family subsidy  · The issuance of a drivers license  · The issuance of a Type A military status certificate (full)  · The renewal of a drivers license  · The issuance of a registry death certificate duplicate  · The application for change in passenger vehicle or motorcycle ownership  · The issuance of a permanent residence certificate  · The issuance of a judicial interdiction certificate See Appendix 1 Progressively KEP were transformed to Centres of Completed Transactions, bringing the Public Administration more near to citizen. According to the Ministry of Internal Affairs (2007), citizens trust KEP and are in general satisfied from them. Nowadays they have permanent staff which possesses about 2588 positions. The number of affairs that KEP handled the last years is presented at the table below: PERIOD NUMBER OF AFFAIRS SERVED CITIZENS 2006 3.042.509 1.154.554 2005 2.305.195 1.527.516 2004 1.643.313 1.316.505 2003 423.759 356.872 Medium number of affairs per day from Monday to Friday: 11.805 Medium number of affairs per day (Saturday): 821 According to the Ministry KEP are recognizable from about the 80% of citizens. Equally big are the visits to them that they exceed 60%, since they were enriched with new, more attractive for the citizen processes. But more interesting are the numbers linked with the subject of satisfaction of citizens, which according to the ministry exceeds the 90%. The problems that the Public Administration was facing when KEP were created were multiple. The most serious of them were the bad organization and the centralism of public services, lack of confidence in the government owned services, lack of evaluation, lack of meritocracy, weakening of ASEP, fragmentary, and consequently unsuccessful, efforts of application of Electronic Governing, absence of controls and sanctions and finally inflation of bureaucracy and corruptness. For this reason in 2007 a number of regulations of the article 15 of the law for Citizen Service Centres (KEP) were introduced, in order to fight the difficulties and dysfunctions of citizens service (Ministry of Internal Affairs, 2007). Some of the regulations were the following:  · The foundation of the Direction of Organization and Operation of KEP in the General Secretariat of Public Administration and Electronic Governing. The Direction was founded in order to guarantee the proper operation of KEP, but also their evolution in Centres of Completed Administrative Transactions, and the resolution of problems that emerges, because of their big number, the crowd of subjects and processes that they realize and the recent enlargement of their competences. The monitoring and the co-ordination of the operation of KEP is practiced , up today, at fragmentary way from the existing Direction of General Secretariat of Public Administration and Electronic Governing, fact which creates difficulties as far as it concerns the united confrontation of problems.  · The regulation of subjects of mobility of permanent personnel. The employees will stay in the KEP of their placement, for at least a five-year period, so that the experience, which has been acquired in the particular KEP, not to get lost.  · The simplification and acceleration of processes  · The restriction of joint responsibilities between the Ministries. It is indicatively reported that Minister of Internal Affairs does not act jointly in more than 25 different regulatory actions  · The obligatory deadline of 50 days for the transaction of the affairs of citizens  · The payment of complete compensation in the citizen in case of delay  · The self appointed search of supporting documents from the service on behalf of the citizen. 208 certificates can be requested from the service without the citizens presence, for 18 of them the self appointed search is obligatory. Indicative is the progress that took place in the case of self appointed search of certificates of birth from KEP, where, while in 2005 they had 231.327 certificates and medium time of transaction the 8 days, in the end of 2006 the transaction reached 432.188 certificates, that is to say almost double, with medium time of transaction the 5 days. Same is the acceleration as far as it concerns the certificates of familial situation, where while in 2005 were published 253.071 certificates, in 2006 until 2007, 373.219 certificates have been published  · The suppression of submission of supporting documents and their replacement with a personal declaration form for 7 cases  · The videoconference of administrative bodies  · The generalization of electronic communication and exchange of documents between the services. The network â€Å"SIZEFKSIS† ensures 50.000 digital certificates (under form of card) in civil servants equal in number. With this way is provided the possibility of electronic distribution of document, with simultaneous place of signature on this, with electronic way, without a problem of genuineness, after the distribution becomes from the above permitted employees with the use of digital certificate of (card). This electronic distribution involves big acceleration of process of publication and mission of document and contributes considerably in the fighting of bureaucracy.  · The application of a plan of restriction of state expenses and the enlarged public sector, by reforming the public services, so that they become more functional and effective  · The promotion of a regulatory reform, with the establishment of rules of good legislation as well as a system of evaluation of the results of legislative regulations in the competitiveness and the entrepreneurship The City of Athens operates a total of seven (7) Citizen Service Centres (KEP), one in each City District. Citizen Service Centres provide an online service for Athens citizens with regards the following: * City of Athens municipal roll certificates * Permanent residence certificates * Certification TAP property fee payment (in cases where agreement exists on the number of square metres registered with the Public Power Corporation and the contract of purchase) The Citizens Helpline 1595 provides information on documents required for all procedures processed by Citizen Service Centres. 2.6 Service marketing Usually marketing had been seen as having dual dimension.On the one hand, there is the notion which supports that the existence of an organization in economical and social content is based on the satisfaction of customer needs and wants, and on the other hand there is the â€Å" set of activities † which serve this philosophy in order to be implemented (CromptonLamb,1986). The marketing of services is a sector with particular characteristics .The expenditure on services is growing in most industrialized economies. According to the European Commission , â€Å"the percentage share of gross domestic product attributable to the services sector rose from 38 per cent in 1970 to almost 50 percent by 1990†. Crowell supports that â€Å"what is significant about services is the relative dominance of intangible attributes in the make up of the service product†. Services as a special kind of product usually they do not result in ownership but they can be linked to a physical good require special treatment. According to Jobber, as many offerings may combine tangible and intangible characteristics the distinction between them is >. For example, a marketing research study provides a physical good, which is the report that comes out, but also is the result of a number of service activities such as interviews with respondents, analysis of results, designing of the research, etc. Products such as a skirt or a pair of socks usually are not accompanied by a service so they can be characterised as pure goods, but also a visit to a doctor or psychotherapy can be regarded as a pure service as there is nothing tangible that the client receives. 2.6.1 THE NATURE OF SERVICES Service characteristics can be summarised to the following four: intangibility, variability, perishability and inseparability. 2.6.1.1 Intangibility As intangibility can be characterised the fact that services cant be smelled, touched, tasted or seen. Service is â€Å"a deed, performance or effort and not an object device or thing† (Berry, 1980). In other words customer cant evaluate a service before buying it and sometimes cant evaluate it even after consuming it. For this reason the challenge for the service providers is to prove the quality of the service by communicating tangible benefits to consumers. Another characteristic of intangibility is the fact that the service cant be owned so customers pay for the use of product or the performance. 2.6.1.2 Variability The provision of service quality may vary depending to the person who provides it. In other words important factors are the capabilities the person has, his physical and mental situation (tiredness, attitude etc.) the location the service is provided .So, in order to control quality variation , methods such as evaluation systems , tight quality controls and service standardization methods are necessary (Jobber,2004). 2.6.1.3 Inseparability In contrast with physical goods services cant be stored in order to be used later. Services are characterised by the â€Å"simultaneous production and consumption.† Because of this characteristic service providers role is very important to the satisfaction of consumer, as many times he is supposed to be himself the company in the eyes of customer (Berry, 1980). For this reason â€Å"the importance of service provider is an integral part of the satisfaction gained by the consumer†. The behaviour of the service provider is also important for the experience that the customer has for the provided service .So, great importance must be given to the training and rewarding of the staff and its selection (Aijo,1996). Another element that is connected to inseparability is the fact that the customer may experience the service in combination with other customers because of the nature of the service and the place it is offered. At this case marketing managers should take into consideration the role of customer interactions between them, but also the inter customer conflicts and nuisance (Barron et al., 1996). 2.6.1.4 Perishability Unlike the physical goods, services cant be stored in order to be used in the future or at peak times. So service providers should take into consideration the combination of demand and supply and use methods such as multi-skilling of the staff in order to be used at peak seasons or part time employees, supply flexibility, differential pricing and reservation system in order to minimize time waiting (Jobber, 2004). Today one of the greater challenges that the sector of services has to face is the increasing competition in combination with the growing expectations of customers and the developing demands of customers as service improves (Joseph Walker, 1988). 2.6.2 SERVICE MARKETING MIX Models had to explain the relationship between the market and the organisation in order to maximize the seconds performance (Gronrooss C, 1982). To certain extent managing services are more complicated than managing products, as products can be standardised. The standardisation of a service is far more difficult as there are more input factors i.e. process, people, physical evidence, to manage than with a product. The service marketing mix consists of the 7Ps model. These include except from the classical 4 Ps that stands for: Product, Price, Place, Promotion, three more Ps which are People, Process and Physical evidence. 2.6.2.1 People People participate and deliver the service experience, the efficiency and effectiveness, the availability and capability, the customer interaction and the internal marketing. Any provision of service includes as an essential part the use of appropriate staff and people. In order to gain an organisation competitive advantage it is important that it recruits the right staff that is well trained in the delivery of service. Usually consumers perceptions and judgements are affected by the employees they interact with. Consumers wait from the staff to have the appropriate attitude, service knowledge and interpersonal skills that they are paying for. So many organisations train their staff to certain standards. Physical Evidence Physical evidence concerns the place where the service is delivered, infrastructure, facilities, surroundings, essential evidence and peripheral evidence ,equipment and premises. It is an element of the service mix that contributes to the formation of the opinion of the consumer about the organization .So the judgments and the perceptions of the consumers are formed by the sight of the service provision .For example if you walk in an office you expect a friendly environment neat and tie. Process The systems used to assist the organisation in delivering the service, constitute the process. So process refers to the operating process that takes the customer through ,from the initial contact till the service experience and evaluation , database management, service delivery, queuing systems, ordering ,standardization .The customer usually expects efficiency and quickness at the process of the service delivery and this fosters consumers loyalty and confidence in the organization. 2.6.3 Quality Quality is important to business organisations and their consumers, because quality products or services can and will secure consumers business. In addition, linking quality with expensive spending is not absolute, as price will not determine always quality. The high or low quality of a product or service is usually determined, â€Å"by how it made the consumer feel and whether consumer expectations were satisfied or exceeded† (Kotler P. et al, 2008). Quality was very popular in the marketing literature,  « where the notion of satisfying the customer was a dominant model of quality of service provided and consumer satisfaction  » (Raftopoulos V., 2005). The US Strategic Planning Institute in 1972 developed the concept of relative perceived quality (RPQ),  «that is the perception of quality as defined by customers, relative to the offerings of competitors. In other words quality is what a customer perceives it to be and this is a dynamic and complex notion.  » 2.6.3.1 Public service quality The need for quality public services is also expressed by the European Commission through the European Social Fund in its program for 2007-2013.The reason is that the quality of public services affects the implementation of policies and the strategy design as public sector organizations are responsible for them at a big degree at the Member States ,e.g. government ministries , local authority departments and special agencies (ESF,2009). The fact of how important is the quality of public services and the need to be improved, became popular, in Britain, at 1990s when the Government gave clear > on the subject, by the proposal of the Conservative Prime Minister John Major enclosed in his Citizens Charter White Paper (Prime Minister, 1991). The issue faced great consensus from the political parties as the same year both Liberal and Labour parties published their own citizen charter proposals. The citizen driven improvement of the quality of public services was a fact (Black et al., 1994). This policy which faced the citizen as user and needed the reporting of performance from the service providers was continued for a long period it was enriched with best value new policies and was popular as>.According to this concept public services is better to be managed than administrated (Black et al.,2001). At the same time another reason that public service quality is important is that the needs and expectations of the users change and increase. Service quality and how to measure it developed to be a critical issue ,so during the 1990s performance measurement techniques developed as a result of >such as government legislation ,regulatory activity by industry keepers and major policy initiatives, as Black St. et al. , characterize them, and not as a result of the needs of the service provider. Meanwhile , all the efforts of understanding and measuring public service quality where characterized as weak and an increasing interest for quality improvement models techniques , certification and awards developed .So a number of new significances appeared such as total quality management and continuous improvement, process mapping techniques, Institution Standards and Charters. The revolution of the commercial service sector that took place the previous decades influenced also public sector organizations that faced the need to provide quality services that meet ‘customer needs and expectations. As Wisniewski remarks, > (Wisniewski, 2001). The notion of treating the customers has started to change as they dont receive passively uniform services without their voice or influence being considered (Skelcher, 1992). At the opposite side, the adoption of traditional methods may lead to the delivery of a service distant from customer needs. So organizations many times, after a more profound search, discover that the needs and values of customers are different from what they assume before searching (Farquhar C.R. ,1993). In order to discover customer perceptions and collect data concerning the attitudes o

Manfold Toy Essay

Question 1 – Do you see the selection of Directors at Manfold Toy’s as entirely suitable to an ethical standing? Why? Many relevant corporate governance issues arise regarding the composition of Manfold Toy’s board of directors. With respect to the main purpose of a board of directors, we need to reflect on whether the elected directors were the best possible representatives of stockholders interests. Additionally, we should analyze to what extent were the elected directors eager to accomplish their responsibilities/duties. To begin the analysis, we should study the process of director’s election to the Company’s board. Taking into account that 68% of Manfold Toy stake belonged to Joseph Wan, founder and chairman of the company, he held enough majority to decide on the board composition. The remaining stake was insufficient to refuse Joseph choices. Thus, Joseph choices could not be refused by the other shareholders, even if they believed there could be better representatives of their interests on the board. According to the Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA), a global association of investment professionals, â€Å"Board members owe a duty to make decisions based on what ultimately is best for the long-term interests of shareholders. In order to do this effectively, board members need a combination of three things: independence, experience and resources†. Manfold Toy’s board was composed by three INEDs (Independent Non-Executive Directors). These directors should comply with the rules of independence towards the company, so that they are able to effectively perform their duty: ensure that the interest of the shareholders are preserved in executives’ acts. However, if they are dependent in any way to the Company, their decisions and acts will have external undesirable influences. Fred Wong Sau-lim, one of the Company’s Independent Non-Executive Directors since 2001, and Chairman of the Audit Committee, was the Director of On Yee Exports since 2000. On Yee Export s had exclusive rights to distribute Manfold Toy’s products in Australia & New Zealand, which accounted for 17,8% of Manfold Toy’s sales. According to the independence rules for INEDs (HKEx), Fred could not be a Manfold Toy’s director due to its business relationship with the company. The Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing (HKEx) state that independence is key to ensure a director behaves fairly and with integrity. Due to its close  relationship with Joseph, Fred was aware of major operational actions that two senior executives were told to take in order to improve the financial statements for the audit. As Chairman of the Audit committee, Fred did not accomplish his role of monitoring the internal governance of the company. Fred should have ensured that the information present on the company’s accounts was accurate and reliable (HKEx), making him fail its INED responsibility of advocating shareholders’ interest (Rosenstein and Wyatt, 1990; Byrd and Hickman, 1992). Fred also violated the fundamental principles of the â€Å"Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants†. He was not honest, has he did not disclosed the relevant financial information of the Company. With its position in On Yee Exports, he carried conflict of interest, which disallows him to be objective in its functions. Moreover, he disclosed confidential information  acquired as a result of his professional position in On Yee Exports to Manfold Toy’s Chairman, violating the principle of confidentiality. Fred was uncorrectly elected, not in the eyes of Joseph, to both of his positions on the board. He was not independent to the company, and thus should have never become part of the Audit Committee. There are other directors violating the independence rules and compromising the effective accomplishment of its duties. For instance, Maggie Mok Su-yee, the Chairman of Big Capital, was performing a millionaire consulting work on Manfold Toy for Mitchell & Meyer, the possible future buyer of the first. Furthermore, Sherona Leung Ka-yi, an Independent Non-Executive Director since 2003, Chairman of the Remuneration Committee and Member of the Audit Committee was the President of charity organization We Care. Joseph was the biggest contributor to its charity organization. This business relationship between Sherona and Joseph violates the independence guidelines as well. Sherona would have incentives to behave in a way that would please Joseph, so that he continues to â€Å"feed† her charity organization. To conclude Non-Executive Directors should be independent to pursue their functions and responsibilities correctly. However, they entailed familiar or business  relations with Manfold Toy and rules for independence were not respected. Due to the violation of ethical standings in the selection of INEDs , they are not complying with its main duty, the defense of shareholders’ interests. Thus, the selection of Directors at Manfold Toy’s is not suitable to the ethical standings.

The Geography of Detroits Decline

During the mid-20th century, Detroit was the fourth largest city in the United States with a population of over 1.85 million people. It was a thriving metropolis that embodied the American Dream - a land of opportunity and growth. Today, Detroit has become a symbol of urban decay. Detroits infrastructure is crumbling and the city is operating at $300 million dollars short of municipal sustainability. It is now the crime capital of America, with 7 out of 10 crimes unsolved. More than a million people have left the city since its prominent fifties. There is a multitude of reasons as to why Detroit fell apart, but all the fundamental causes are rooted in geography. Demographic Shift The rapid shift in Detroits demographics led to racial hostility. Social tensions were further perpetuated when many desegregation policies were signed into law in the 1950s, forcing residents to integrate. For years, violent racial riots engulfed the city, but the most destructive one occurred on Sunday, July 23, 1967. A police confrontation with patrons at a local unlicensed bar sparked a five-day riot that left 43 dead, 467 injured, 7,200 arrests and more than 2,000 buildings destroyed. The violence and destruction only ended when the National Guard and Army were ordered to intervene. Shortly after this 12th street riot, many residents started to flee the city, particularly the whites. They moved out by the thousands into neighboring suburbs such as Royal Oak, Ferndale, and Auburn Hills. By 2010, whites only made up 10.6% of Detroits population. The Size Detroit is particularly difficult to maintain because its residents are so spread out. There is too much infrastructure relative to the level of demand. This means large sections of the city are left unused and unrepaired. A scattered population also means law, fire, and emergency medical personnel have to travel greater distances on average to provide care. Moreover, since Detroit has experienced consistent capital exodus for the past forty years, the city is unable to afford an adequate public service workforce. This has caused crime to skyrocket, which further encouraged rapid out-migration. Industry Many of Americas older cities faced a de-industrialization crisis starting in the 1970s, but most of them were able to establish an urban resurgence. The success of cities like Minneapolis and Boston is reflected on their high number of college graduates (over 43%) and their entrepreneurial spirit. In many ways, the success of the Big Three inadvertently restricted entrepreneurship in Detroit. With the high wages earned on the assembly lines, workers had little reason to pursue higher education. This, in conjunction with the city having to reduce the number of teachers and after-school programs due to declining tax revenues, has caused Detroit to fall behind in academics. Today, only 18% of Detroit adults have a college degree (versus a national average of 27%), and the city is also struggling to control the brain drain. Ford Motor Company no longer has a factory in Detroit, but General Motors and Chrysler still do, and the city remains dependent on them. However, for a large portion of the 1990s and early 2000s, the Big Three did not react well to changing market demands. Consumers started to shift from power-driven automotive muscle to more stylish and fuel-efficient vehicles. The American automakers struggled against their foreign counterparts both domestically and internationally. All three companies were on the verge of bankruptcy and their financial distress was reflected on Detroit. Public Transportation Infrastructure Unlike their neighbors Chicago and Toronto, Detroit never developed a subway, trolley, or intricate bus system. The only light rail the city has is its People Mover, which only encircles 2.9-miles of the downtown area. It has a single set of track and only runs in one direction. Although designed to move up to 15 million riders a year, it only serves 2 million. The People Mover is considered an ineffective rail, costing taxpayers $12 million annually to operate. The biggest problem with not having a sophisticated public infrastructure is that it promotes sprawl. Since so many people in the Motor City owned a car, they all moved away, opting to live in the suburbs and just commuting to downtown for work. Additionally, as people moved out, businesses eventually followed, leading to even fewer opportunities in this once great city. References Okrent, Daniel (2009). Detroit: The Death- and Possible Life- of a Great City. Retrieved from: http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1926017-1,00.htmlGlaeser, Edward (2011). Detroits Decline and the Folly of Light Rail. Retrieved from: http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704050204576218884253373312.html